SCIENTIFIC NAME
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Pongo
Species: pygmaeus
Subspecies: pygmaeus (Borneo), abelii (Sumatran)
HISTORY
Modern orangutans originated during the Pleistocene period, 2 million to 100,000 years ago.
They now face extinction. At the turn of the last century around 315,000 orangutans existed in the wild. Orangutan numbers are now down by 92% compared with a century ago and have been reduced by half in Northern Sumatra between 1993 and 2000.
The orangutans ancient origin is not agreed upon. One hypothesis says it originated from Lufengpithecus, while another maintains that they originated from Sivapithecus. The fossil record of the living great apes is poor and the orangutan is the only great ape that has a fossil record linking early forms to later forms (there has never been an African fossil found that is related to chimpanzees or gorillas).
However, there is now strong evidence that suggests neither of those species was the ancestor of the orangutan. In a recent discovery (reported in 2002), a team of scientists unearthed a fossil ape (Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis) in Thailand dating back 10 to 13.5 million years ago. It consists of both an upper and lower jaw with similar dental structure as today's orangutan and they consider it to be an ancestor of the new form. This discovery would place the development of the earlier orangutan in a similar habitat as today's tropical forest home on Sumatra and Borneo. More fossils need to be found and studied to complete the picture of its evolutionary history.
Fossils from a million years ago indicate that there were giant sized orangutans in Indochina. Fossils from 40,000 years ago, found on Borneo and Sumatra, show the orangutan as 30% larger than today's species. It is conjectured that early orangutans may have been more terrestrial than today's species. However what we see today is a species that has been arboreal for a very long time and has completely adapted physically.
The origin of the word orangutan is derived from the Indonesian and Malaysian words for person (orang) and forest (hutan). Literally it means person of the forest. It is incorrect to abbreviate the word to orang as many Westerners do, because it just means person.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
When one thinks of an orangutan what usually comes to mind is the uniquely wonderful rusty-orange hair that covers their bodies and their arms. In general its coat which is sparse, long and coarse, will range anywhere from bright orange in youngsters to a chocolate mahogany in some adults.
The Sumatran species has a thinner, paler coat than that of the Bornean. It is the largest tree dwelling mammal in the world; males at 220 pounds and standing 5 feet tall are twice the size of females.
Their legs are about 30% shorter than their long arms which can grow, up to 6.6ft. (2m). They use both legs and arms to move from tree to tree in the forest canopy. Their feet are designed like hands and their both hands and feet are long, narrow and strong and used in a hook like fashion when grasping branches. The thumb is fully opposable.
The Bornean male has large cheek pads a very large laryngeal sac and his face is square shaped. The Sumatran male has a more diamond shaped face with smaller cheek pads and sac. Genetically they both have 48 chromosomes (compared to 46 for humans); however there are several which are distinctly different that separates them into 2 separate subspecies.
They have massive jaws and their large flat cheek teeth are specialized for tearing, grinding and opening shells.
BEHAVIOR
Orangutans spend their lives in the tropical forest canopy 20 to 100 feet off the ground. It is assumed that one of the reasons for this, is because the tigers would be its main natural predator. However, with the tiger being extinct in Borneo, adult male orangutans will come down and spend up to about 5% of their time on the forest floor. Usually this is to move from one stand of trees to another. Sometimes orangutans, when on the ground, will go into the water (but not to swim).
Considering the large size of the orangutan, movement from one tree or branch to another is graceful and agile, yet slow. An orangutan seldom covers more than mile in a day (1 km). However they have a vast range in which they hunt for their food. Males may use several thousand hectares and females use several hundred. When moving on the ground they are slow and awkward appearing. Because of its arboreal lifestyle with little need to come down from the trees, the orangutan has never learned to knuckle-walk like the gorilla and chimpanzee, instead it fist walks. Staying high in the trees keeps them away from predators such as tigers and leopards.
Orangutans build two nests a day; a sparse one for a short nap and a stronger sleeping nest every night which is constructed from branches with leaves on them, 40 to 60 feet above the ground. The sleeping nest looks like a giant birds nest and on average, only takes about 5 minutes to construct. Babies and juveniles, up to about the age of 8, unless having become more independent earlier, will sleep with their mothers in her nest. Occasionally orangutans will sleep in an old nest. If it is rainy enough, they will fashion a cover to help keep them dry. It is not uncommon to see them holding a large palm frond over their head if it is raining hard.
Adult orangutans on the island of Borneo tend to be more solitary animals than those on Sumatra. They will forage and travel independent of one another and males tend to break ties with their mothers earlier than females. Social relationships are formed by individual orangutans that have regularly overlapping ranges. However that does not mean that there will be any actual social interaction between them when they meet. For example, if several orangutans (not adult males) are seeking out fruit at the same tree they will usually sit apart with little or no social interaction and will leave alone after eating.
Sumatran orangutans, on the other hand, behave more socially toward one another. Except for low-ranking adult males, they will travel together and occasionally bonds will form between low-ranking adult males, but usually male relationships are competitive. The higher degree of social interaction between Sumatran orangutans is a function of the fact that their habitat on Sumatra is more productive than that on Borneo. This productivity keeps the cost of traveling and eating together much lower and therefore the animals can benefit from the social benefits resulting from group life. Researchers point to tool using by Sumatran orangutans as a result of this group life-style.
Adult male orangutans will make a booming long call several times a day, that along with a number of possible functions, keeps subordinate males away. This call will carry over a mile through the dense forest. If by chance a subordinate male encounters an adult male, the subordinate male will be tolerated as long he keeps his distance. However if two adult males meet it will usually result in a violent and aggressive display or actual fight. Orangutans make a number of different vocalizations besides the long call. One of the most well known is the kiss squeak and grumph sound they will make when disturbed. Youngsters will whine when they need help from their mother is doing something. They also make a number of softer sounds to each other that are difficult for researchers to hear. Orangutan also break off weak branches and will throw them down to the ground when disturbed, an action that all field researchers are very familiar with.
DISTRIBUTION
The present distribution of orangutans is a fragment of its original range. At one time they could be found throughout much of Southeast Asia, however they became extinct from many areas through hunting and deforestation. Today, the orangutan is found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra in scattered populations. They can be found on Borneo (west, east and central Kalimantan), Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah) and northern Sumatra. The types of forest include tropical montane, lowland dipterocarp, peat swamp and heath. The highest densities are in the swamp forests.
FOOD
In the rain forest, food is scarce and the orangutan with its large body has a large appetite. This results in low population densities of around 2.6 animals per sq. mile (1 per sq. km). Near the swamp forests and river valleys with greater resources, densities increase to 18/sq. mile (7 per sq. km).
Orangutans will spend at least 60% of their daylight hours eating and searching for food. They eat over 300 different kinds of fruit, as well as bark, young shoots, insects and an occasional bird egg or small vertebrate. About 60% of their diet is fruit. The strangling fig is a fruit staple when available because it has a large bounty. However a favorite fruit is from the durian tree which is said to taste like sweet cheesy garlic custard. When overripe this fruit can have an overpowering pungent odor. When eating fruits they do not eat the peel, but will eat the seeds that are then distributed through their feces to help in reforestation. If juicy fruit is unavailable they will drink water from tree holes.
Some of the more recognizable food they eat are rambutans, jackfruits, magosteens, mangoes, figs, pandanus leaves, bark, insects, lychees and young shoots.
It is crucial for the baby of an orangutan to be taught by its mother what food to eat, where to find that food, in which trees and during which seasons. Orangutans must possess a great mental map of their food sources in order to survive. Wild orangutans must rely on their intelligence to develop very complex feeding techniques which give them access to foods that are for the most part unavailable to other animals. Tool use plays an important part in accessing some foods.
REPRODUCTION
The lifespan of an orangutan in the wild is from about 35 to 40 years (it is not positively known what the average life span is, in the wild). In captivity they can live to 50 years, though there are some that have lived longer. The Philadelphia Zoo had a pair of wild born orangutans that lived over 50 years.
Orangutans are slow-growing animals and produce probably the lowest number of offspring over a lifetime, of all mammals. A female becomes sexually mature at the age of 10 and will remain fertile for the next 20 years. However they tend not to start reproducing until they are about 15 years of age. The average time between orangutan births for an adult female is eight years. As a result only 3 or 4 offspring are born during her lifetime. Immediately you can see that habitat loss and wild capture for the pet trade impacts the species as a whole, with devastating effects. Males become sexually mature at the age of 12 and as they age, they will begin to develop the cheek flanges or pads and throat pouches that are so impressive by about the age of 20. However a young males growth of the cheek pads may be inhibited if there is a dominant male within his sensory range.
Inbreeding is minimized because males tend to emigrate long distances away from their mothers and sisters. A female that is ready to conceive will seek out the local dominant adult male; this keeps subadult males from mating with her. The benefit of female initiation of courtship and mating is unknown, but it may have to do with protection from subadult males by the dominant male. Cooperative courtship and mating time varies from a few days on Borneo to several weeks on Sumatra. On Sumatra cooperative mating occurs over 50% of the time, whereas on Borneo 90% of the time it is forced mating by subadult males on lone females. Forced mating often results in vicious bites to the female. (This again goes back to the overall differences in habitat productivity between Borneo and Sumatra resulting in more adult lone females on Borneo).
Recent studies in the field have found that females with infants under four years of age tend not to mate. Research has shown that hormone levels in females are strongly influenced by their nutrition status, which is a function of how much fruit is available to them in the forest. If there is an abundant supply of good fruit, the females hormonal level increases, therefore her probability of conception increases.
The gestation period is between 235 and 270 days. A baby orangutan weighs about 3 pounds at birth. Infant mortality rates, due to natural causes, in the wild are extremely low. Orangutan mothers are very good at raising their babies to adulthood. The fact that the mother tends to keep her offspring with her for an average of eight years has everything to do with the low infant mortality rate. Offspring will become completely independent by the age of 10. Infancy is from 0 to 4 years, juveniles from 4 to 7 years, adolescent males from 7 to 10 years and adolescent females 7 to 12 years old.
Infants are carried continuously by the mother for the first year and whenever the mother travels until the age of 4. Mother orangutans are very patient with their offspring and it will sleep in its mothers nest until it is weaned at about the age of 3 to 4 years old. They will often stay near and dependent upon their mother for 7 to 8 years while they learn to navigate through the dense forest in search of the hundreds of different edible foods. Adolescent males usually break ties with their mothers, but adolescent females return frequently to spend time around their mothers.
STATUS and CONSERVATION:
P. abelii is critically endangered. P pygmaeus is endangered. At the turn of the last century around 315,000 orangutans existed in the wild. In the 15 years since 1987, orangutan numbers have declined by more than half from 45,000 60,000 to between 15,000-24,000. It is estimated that 80% of all orangutan habitat has been destroyed through both legal and illegal logging.
Logging. Indonesia contains ten per cent of the world's remaining tropical forests. Over 70 per cent of Indonesia's original frontier forests have been lost. From 1996 to 2004, illegal logging has destroyed 5 million acres a year! Orangutans are sensitive to selective logging that makes passage through the trees canopy difficult or near impossible. And when logging becomes intensive in any area the orangutans disappear altogether. Large parks have been set aside as reserves, but this has not stopped illegal logging operations within them. Monitoring of illegal logging, along with under funded law enforcement, lack of prosecution for those caught and government corruption, these practices continue today. Worldwide pressure for better forest management has only just begun to have an effect on government policies. It is important that this pressure is not lessened.
One of the most illegally logged trees in Indonesia continues to be Indonesian Ramin. Some of the products made from this blond wood include dowels, baby cribs, billiard cues, curtain rods, broom handles, window blinds, parquet floors, plywood, veneer, paneling, particle board, moldings and decorative furniture. As of August 2001, Indonesia notified the IUCN that all species of Ramin should be listed on Appendix III of CITES to help protect orangutan habitat.
As a result of this listing, the United States USDA now requires a special permit in order to import Ramin products; however this has not stopped its importation. Millions of dollars of wood products made from the Indonesian Ramin are illegally exported to the US by Malaysian companies each year, using fraudulent "Bills of Lading" stating the wood is grown in Malaysia, when in fact it was illegally taken from within national parks on Borneo and Sumatra, directly impacting orangutan habitat. In February 2004, the Indonesian government called for a worldwide boycott of wood products from Malaysia. The US has been the largest consumer of Malaysian wooden furniture, with imports valued at $433 million last year and the US, with Japan, is the largest importer of Malaysian plywood. Unsuspecting American consumers are purchasing these products from major US retailers, unaware they are contributing to the demise of the world's orangutans.
The US government was petitioned in March of 2004 to investigate and stop this illegal importation of Ramin. If charges in the petition are proven, it could lead to trade sanctions against the import of wood from Malaysia. USAID (US Agency for International Development) is supporting a project in Indonesia's Kalimantan province to protect orangutan habitat and a USAID supported study recently confirmed that all 11 Protected Areas in Kalimantan have been severely damaged by illegal logging. Until an effective international legal system is created to manage Indonesian forests and regulate logging the problem will continue. Find out more about illegal logging and the latest news Illegal Logging
Pet Trade. Indonesia is a 1987 signatory to the IUCN CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) and has committed itself to an international campaign to stop the trade of endangered species. It has also passed laws making it a criminal offense to trade in and own protected animals.
However, the capture of young orangutans for the pet trade is ongoing. In order for a baby or juvenile orangutan to be captured the mother must be killed first. Field experts say that on average, 2 adults are killed in order to successfully secure 1 baby. Typically, up to 5 babies are shipped together in a single box, in hopes that one will survive the arduous journey. From December 2002 to June 2003, 40 orangutans were smuggled out of Indonesia to Taiwan, Japan, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Canada and the Netherlands. The route typically begins in Central Kalimantan where they are shipped down river on barges carrying logs. Eventually they end up in Jakarta from where they are shipped out to Thailand, Singapore or Malaysia. The traders who are responsible for the smuggling of orangutans are extremely well organized, have international networks in place, as well as all the necessary Indonesian contacts in order to successfully get the orangutans out of the country via their main international airport. Indonesians that are given or buy orangutans are usually upper-class, well educated and seldom ignorant of the law. Many are police and military officers. As of mid 2004, only a few small traders have been prosecuted while the bigger players go about their business undisturbed. If prosecuted, punishment has been minimal at most and serves to encourage smuggling.
It is estimated that about 1,000 baby orangutans were smuggled to Taiwan from Kalimantan on Borneo between 1985 and 1990 and sold as exotic pets. This accounts for at least a 10% decline in the wild population (this percentage includes all those that were killed or died in the smuggling and poaching process; a conservative estimate of over 3,000 animals). The reason for this surge in orangutans as pets was a result of a popular Taiwanese television program that featured a live orangutan as the perfect pet and companion. As a result the demand was met through smuggling and poaching. Eventually the cute and cuddly orangutans grow up and become unmanageable. Many have suffered from neglect, poor nutrition and serious health problems such as tuberculosis and hepatitis B. A few lucky ones were returned to Indonesian rescue centers for rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild.
In 1990 the government of Taiwan passed a law making it illegal for orangutans to be kept as pets and most have been confiscated and sent to rescue and centers such as Pingtung Rescue Centre for Endangered Wild Animals in Taiwan http://www.intern.com.tw/ptrc/e5.htm/ and Monkey WorldApe Rescue Centre in England http://www.monkeyworld.co.uk/
According to an extensive March 2004 Jakarta Post article on protected animals, 196 Kalimantan orangutans were found at a zoo in Thailand and 30 in The United Kingdom. The orangutans found at Safari World in Thailand were found in deplorable conditions. Read the latest news (August 11, 2004) on these orangutans. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/8/prwebxml149109.php/ At about this same time there were also 23 orangutans smuggled to Japan using hand carried luggage. In Europe an orangutan sells for about $50,000
Read more from articles on plight of the orangutan, other apes and habitat loss at the United Nations Environment Programme, Great Apes Survival Project site GRASP article index/
Orangutan Orphans. Young orangutans that are orphaned because loggers have killed their mothers are sometimes released back into the wild, but only after years of extensive care and training. Rehabilitation programs encourage social relationships in hopes that they will be able to learn the necessary survival skills. No human can ever make up for the loss of knowledge that a young orangutan would learn from its mother so it is a daunting task to say the least. None are released until they are at least 5 years old. It has been learned that they need to be released in areas that do not have wild orangutans because food resources are usually scarce and this puts added pressure on everyones survival, especially the newcomers. Some rehabilitated orangutans have bred in the wild, but overall it is too early to know if rehabilitation and reintroduction into the wild will be the success that it is hoped it will be. However, unless there are drastic changes in law enforcement, proper Indonesian forest management and a halt to the illegal the pet trade, these orphan rehabilitation programs may be the orangutans only hope for survival.
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